1984: Emmanuel Goldstein, Jesus, and Religion

In 1984, the Party seems to use Emmanuel Goldstein in the same way people use religion: as an emotional outlet, as well as a way to explain the events that go on in their lives.

1. The name "Goldstein" sounds Jewish. Heck, even "Emmanuel" sounds holy.
2. Emmanuel Goldstein is the focus, or absorber, of hate for the party during the "Two Minutes Hate." Just like Christ sacrificed himself to save the people from their sins.
3. Goldstein's book, "The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism," which exposes what goes on behind the Party and its totalitarian ideology, is considered heresy. Like the teachings of Christ were considered heresy.

What is the What: Quests.

How to Read Literature Like a Professor says that quests are used for attaining self-knowledge and/or self-improvement, usually by novices/naïve people. In What is the What, Valentino’s quest is about surviving and finding out what “the What” is. As a result of the horrendous events he has experienced, in many ways he was enriched with an outlook that many of us in our very privileged worlds will never get to experience. He has a vast tolerance that contrasts with the impatient attitude of our society. He has gone through suffering unlike any that we have experienced, causing him to become stronger and more enduring. He has seen many things we have not, and this has made him all the more wiser than any of us.

Catch-22: Violence, or the lack thereof.

Catch-22 comprises of many violent scenes that add to the overall message that is presented in the book. Among are a few, and interestingly, these (totally unnecessary) acts of violence are "friendly fire," rather, committed by the Americans on themselves:

• "And Snowden lay dying in back." Probably one of the most powerful, heartwrenching scenes in the book, wherein Dobbs loses his mind mid-air and causes the death of Snowden in Yossarian's arms.
• Kid Sampson is cut in half when McWatt flies his plane too low to the ground.
• Milo bombs his own squadron by conspiring with the Germans, clashing their army with his own. (All for the syndicate!)

According to How to Read Literature Like a Professor, “Violence, one of the most personal and even intimate acts between human beings, always means something in literature.” There are many violent scenes Although Catch-22 is an antiwar novel, Heller presents his message in a way that is ironic and sarcastic, paradoxically using the black comedy of absurd and unheeded violence to go against violence.

What is the What: Running = Flying.

A notable scene in the novel is when Valentino imagines his perfect day. Valentino’s perfect day, in summary, comprises of simple moments in which he spends time affectionately with the various people in his village. One of these is running towards the river to get water for the girl of his dreams. I think Valentino’s act of running—even to the act of stumbling in front of his “crush,” falling, and getting up again—is symbolic of flying and freedom. Valentino tells the reader that he imagines this day whenever he feels dismal, which is in itself a desire for freedom and escape from the confines of poverty in the current reality with which he is subject to.

What is the What: Valentino - A Christ Figure.

Let me enumerate some of the symbols that signify why Valentino is a Christ figure:

1. He talks to those who have wronged him with self-sacrificing forgiveness and even a trace of sagacity.
2. "We refugees can be celebrated one day, helped and lifted up, and then utterly ignored by all when we prove to be a nuisance." - People treated the refugees the way they treated Christ--abusing, betraying, and trampling him as if they didn't need him.
3. Valentino was baptized not when he was a baby, but when he was older, just like Christ.

1984: Newspeak and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Reading about Newspeak in 1984 reminded me of a concept I learned during a college Sociology class I took last spring: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis theorizes that language is not simply a way of voicing ideas, but is the very thing which shapes those ideas. In other words, language defines the society. For example, the word “wifebeater” may mean a shirt, but the fact that people colloquially use this term reflects a somewhat androcentric and/or misogynistic society. Now applying this theory to Newspeak: what aspects of Newspeak reflect the kind of society Winston lives in?

The language of Newspeak is terse and simple as opposed to the complexities and long-windedness of Oldspeak, and purposely so. Likewise, the thought processes citizens of Ingsoc are diminutive and bare because that’s what Big Brother wants them to think. Moreover, the language of Newspeak is full of meaningless words which contribute to the lack of logical thinking, another way of stopping citizens from forming ideas. Newspeak is one of the methods that the State employs to subtly control its people. By reducing words to their bare meanings, they limit the ideas that one can express or even think of. For example, by removing the contexts of “political freedom” and “intellectual equality” in Newspeak words, rebellion is impossible because Ingsoc citizens do not even know what it means to be free—it doesn’t exist in their heads. These don’t think because they have nothing with which to think about.

What is the What: African.

“Nigeria.”

“Go back to Africa.”

Those are some of the derogatory remarks that Americans have called Valentino when he came to live in the United States. In fact, these two words came from the two African-American burglars, Tonya and Powder, who mercilessly assaulted Valentino when they came to rob his apartment. Later in the book, Michael, the accomplice of the two burglars, dropped a book on poor Valentino’s head and regarded him as something malignant. Julian, an African-American who works in the hospital, is reluctant to treat Valentino despite his head injury. Why is it that these Americans treat Valentino as a subhuman, another entity entirely, when they are of the same flesh and blood? In a way, I think their treatment mirrors that of the Arabs in Africa and the Sudanese, who continually engage themselves in warfare even though they are united by their physical characteristics.